Maths for LLMs
Softmax: How LLM Scores Become Probabilities
Softmax is a small equation with a central job: it turns arbitrary model scores into positive weights that sum to one. Here is the arithmetic, the numerical-stability trick, and where the same operation appears inside an LLM.
13 Sep 2026
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4 min read
·158 views
Maths for LLMs
GELU vs ReLU: The Smooth Gate Inside GPT
ReLU cuts every negative activation to zero. GELU computes a smooth tanh-shaped gate; I unpack the formula one real number at a time and place it inside GPT's feed-forward network.
12 Sep 2026
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4 min read
·117 views
Maths for LLMs
LayerNorm from Four Numbers: Mean, Variance and a Token Row
I refused to let LayerNorm remain a formula. Starting with four integers, I work through mean, variance, standard deviation, normalization and the exact PyTorch operation used for each GPT token.
11 Sep 2026
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5 min read
·150 views
From Java to Python
A Gentle Introduction to PyTorch: Tensors Before Attention
Before I could make sense of attention code, I needed PyTorch's tiny tensor vocabulary to stop feeling mysterious. This first session covers shapes, axes, batching, and the important difference between stack, cat, multiplication, and dot products.
11 Sep 2026
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4 min read
·91 views
Working with Codex / ChatGPT
The hoodie stays: turning my mascot into a reusable Codex skill
A generated character only becomes an identity when it survives the next prompt. I turned one navy-hoodie mascot, two successful references and a --manga switch into a small reusable Codex skill.
11 Sep 2026
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5 min read
·144 views
Working with Codex / ChatGPT
After Daybreak: enabling Codex Security on code I own
I applied for verified Daybreak access, completed the identity check, and mapped the next step: connecting my own GitHub repositories to Codex Security without giving up human review or scope control.
10 Sep 2026
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5 min read
·197 views
LLMs, the whole thing
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Part 9
Multi-head attention, one shape at a time
Part 9 of LLMs, the whole thing: two heads, one token, and the difference between computing attention and organizing its tensors. A concrete PyTorch walkthrough of view, transpose, concatenation and the output projection.
10 Sep 2026
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5 min read
·100 views
Building this site in public
Systems in Motion: a visual identity of my own
A new identity for my portfolio, writing, and independent products: graphite, electric blue, and a moving Z inspired by event-driven systems. The design choices, reusable article templates, and engineering constraints behind it.
9 Sep 2026
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5 min read
·161 views
Running the box: Docker, Linux, the JVM
Cleaning up your systemd service
Retiring a service is more than killing the process. Here's the four-beat teardown I ran to remove a honeypot from my box — and why 'disable' isn't 'stop'.
8 Sep 2026
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5 min read
·108 views
LLMs, the whole thing
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Part 8
Causal attention and the two masks: one hides the future, one cuts links on purpose
Section 3.5 of Raschka's book on seven real GPT-2 tokens: why masking after softmax breaks the row sums, why -inf on the scores fixes it in one pass, and how dropout is a second, random mask that doubles its survivors.
7 Sep 2026
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6 min read
·120 views