LLMs, the whole thing
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Part 3
From Tokens to Token IDs
An LLM never sees your text — it sees integers. Building a tokenizer from a regex and a dictionary, hitting the out-of-vocabulary wall, and why GPT’s byte-pair encoding is the fix that needs no unknown token.
14 Aug 2026
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8 min read
LLMs, the whole thing
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Part 2
The Transformer Architecture: Encoder versus Decoder
Every modern LLM is a transformer, yet BERT, GPT and T5 behave very differently. The first article in a ground-up series on LLMs: the single distinction — the attention mask — that separates an encoder from a decoder.
12 Aug 2026
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7 min read